O and wounding with throughbolts can mess a tree up--see last pic in attached.
17 years later, on a calm Sunday afternoon, the limb broke at that bolt and crashed onto a sidewalk that bustles with lawyers during the week. While risk assessors and politicians grappled with the issue, the tree was surrounded by a chain link fence. Reduction pruning was proposed to shorten the sprawling limbs and lessen the strain on them. This proposal was rejected due to concerns over a loss in photosynthesis, despite 33.4.2: “When necessary to accomplish the objective, pruning should be performed prior to installing a supplemental support system.”
Drilling a hole “no greater than 1/8” (3mm) larger in diameter than the hardware being installed”, per 33.5.6, can avoid excessive wounding in decayed areas, if that hardware is the cable itself. “When installing through-hardware”, 33.5.10 calls for washers to be used, and 33.5.20 states that “Installations shall follow manufacturers’ recommendations”. However, the makers of two fasteners on the market that anchor cables installed through limbs, wirestops and wedge grips, do not require washers because these fasteners are wide enough for most applications. It may be best to use washers anyway, until that standard is changed. ANSI standards are reviewed on a 5-year cycle, so they can incorporate new technology and research.
Translating research into technology is a challenge. Concepts like “mechanoperception” and “thigmomorphogenesis” dominated Biomechanics Week. Scientists there agreed that our visual tree assessments have to get better at translating the body language of trees. Restoring objectivity by documenting the positive aspects of tree structure, such as woundwood and other compensatory growth, may be a good place to start. Calling anything out of the ordinary a “defect” can lead to unnecessary removals, or to support systems that do more harm than good. “We looked at one tree with an obvious ‘defect’, and figured it would break straight away under tension from the four-ton winch” one researcher remarked. “Another tree had no visible ‘defects’, so we figured the trunk would hold strong, and that tree would uproot instead. But the exact opposite happened! We know next to nothing about tree biomechanics.”
Given the uncertainty surrounding supplemental support, arborists need to inspect trees more closely before making any conclusions or suggesting management options. There is much we can learn from the tree’s own natural support system, before we impose any treatments. “Form determines dynamic response, so it’s time to tune into tree architecture.” Ken James told the group. “Much of the scientific data available is based on forest trees, but much of it is not applicable to exposed urban trees. The answer is predetermined by the tree.” As much as James knows about tree biomechanics, he does not make recommendations to his clients when consulting about trees. “I just report information to the client” he said. “I let them figure out what to do with it.”