Flash point is the temperature at which an oil gives off vapors that can be ignited with a flame held over the oil. The lower the flash point the greater tendancy for the oil to suffer vaporization loss at high temperatures and to burn off on hot cylinder walls and pistons. The flash point can be an indicator of the quality of the base stock used. The higher the flash point the better. As for ash yes, I should have been a little more clear on that one. Ash is how much solid material is left when the oil is reacted with sulfuric acid and burned. This is used to quantify the amount of metallic antiwear and detergent additives in the oil. This does not relate to carbon and ash in an oil is a desirable quanity.
Emission motors run a little hotter today than the motors of old, but not that much hotter, they can't get to hot or the NOx get out of hand. Instead of 180 you are now at 210, still well within the range of standard petrolium oils. Diesel motors are hard on oil for contamination reasons, not shearability factors or compressability reasons. Those motors run cool and slow, their turbos are the same they run slower. When I mention turbos I am refering to small car or motorcycle extremely high reving variety.
Xander: yea, straight viscosity oils are better. The wide viscosity range oils, in general, are more prone to viscosity and thermal breakdown due to the high polymer content. The polymers can shear and burn forming deposits, deposits can tear a motor up. Most of the time I run straight 30 weight in my daily driver.
Since I don't think bwalker and I will agree I will leave this as my last post on this subject. Here is what I recomend and what I do. Take it for what you think its worth.
1. Air cooled motors I run synthetic, most of the time they are small crankcase motors and one quart will probably fill them and they are not high oil change motors. I think economicaly it works out to use them.
2. Liquid cooled motors I just have 2 on synthetic. My motorcycle, its a high stressed little motor and also shares the crankcase with the engine oil. I belive it makes sence to run it in there for the added protection. I do have one V-8 on synthetic, its a high reving motor I run the ever living crap out of, but its more of a race motor so it gets oil changes not very often, synthetic is probably overkill on this motor.
3. The family daily drivers I run straight 30 weight in them in the summer, in the winter I run 10-30 in my pickup, in the wife's car I run 5-30. These motors don't run hard enough to warrent synthetic, they get frequent oil changes.
4. Diesel, I run straight dino oil. There is no need for synthetic.