Sylvia,
One dosn't do much more than NOT discourage snakes, to keep them close in these parts.LOL!!
The Blue Racers do a number on gophers and thirteen striped ground squirrels so I let the hired help know they will be fired if I find one dead.
I have heard of the gum trick, but can't say it works or not.
I have had decent luck with the Capsicum keeping them out for the most part. It seems they don't like eating it or getting it on thier fur LOL!!
Having been sprayed many times, I don't blame 'em. Problem is that it washes off with rain or a heavy dew.
Poison wise, I steer clear in respect of the Hawks and owls.
If they get too out of hand I'll use the Rodent torch(Big boom that might upset neighbors) on them.
If turkeys have good forage elsewhere, they will leave your starts alone except for picking bugs off them.
Red Ladino clover seems to be thier favorite around here untill the berries come ripe.
Hope this helps!
Dingeryote