I'm going to go out on a limb here (no pun intended), and say that would depend somewhat on the saw. In other words, if the powerhead has the HP to pull a full sized 3/8 chain thought a particular log, it will cut faster with the larger teeth, because it is removing more wood with each 'bite'. If the saw bogs down, the smaller teeth might be a better choice.
Same thing applies to the way that people sharpen their chains. More 'hook' might lead to a 'self-feeding' experience with enough HP, but slower cutting, and more tearing, with a smaller powerhead.
In my opinion, it is matching the powerhead, sprocket, bar, and chain, that optimizes performance for a particular cutting situation.
Philbert