Follow-up field surveys and additional sampling will be conducted for those plantations, riparian forests and urban and community forests and roadways whose samples yield the fungus or exhibit evidence of Pityophthorus colonization or canker presence. Affected branches of symptomatic trees will be collected for insect emergence or for visual examination of beetle or gallery presence. The presence of fungi associated with necrotic tissue or obvious cankers will be determined through isolation based on protocols for Geosmithia and other putative pathogens reported on J. nigra. Because Geosmithia species are common microbial associates of bark beetles, the scientists will also assay Scolytus quadrispinosus for presence of such species. S. quadrispinosus is associated with extensive canker occurrence and rapid crown decline in Carya cordiformis (family Juglandaceae) in north central and northeastern states. Much smaller cankers are caused by F. solani compared to those caused by Ceratocystis smalleyi on declining C. cordiformis. In the TCD situation, cankers caused by F. solani on J. nigra are considered to develop later in the progression of the disease compared to cankers caused by G. 'morbida'. Thus, F. solani is considered a secondary pathogen in both TCD and in hickory decline. Morphological and molecular characteristics of all Geosmithia and Fusarium isolates obtained from Juglans and Carya species as well as from bark beetles will be compared with isolates from Colorado.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/fhw/csfhw/10/jan10.pdf